The short version of it is, alcohol gets into your blood and goes to your brain, where it gets into your synapses (where brain cells, or neurons, connect with one another). There it interferes with the signals that pass from one neuron to another, so that all your nerve functions become slow and sluggish – including your ability to move, talk and think clearly! Different people act differently when they are drunk, because different parts of your brain get affected first. When you get drunk enough, the most basic parts of your brain that keep you alert also shut down, so you fall asleep or pass out. At some point your body also realises that you’re drinking stuff that’s really bad for you (like drinking poison!), so it tries to force it out – and you throw up.
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